集団心理【１】

メンタル・イデア・ラボの本城ハルです。

人が一人ではなく大勢集まり【集団】【群衆】になると、一人の時とは違う独特の心理が働くようになります。

良くも悪くにも働くのが群衆心理ですが、今回はマイナスと働きやすい特徴的な心理についてお話ししようと思います。

○感情の伝播

以前にも感情の伝播についてお話ししましたが、その中でも特に“怒り”（ネガティブな強い感情）の感情が伝播しやすいことを書きました。

感情的になると当たり前ですが、論理的に考えることはできなくなります。『自分は冷静だ』と思うのは勝手ですが、怒りという不快感情の中でいつも以上に冷静でいられる人などまずいません。それでも『自分は冷静だ』と言えるなら・・・、

メタ認知、大丈夫ですか？

○無名性、無責任性が生まれる

自分一人の時と違い、群衆の中の一人になることで自己の言動に対する責任感が弱くなります。それは私たちが普段感じている“自分”という意識が、集団の中では“大勢の中の一人”になってしまい薄くなることで起こります。

わかりやすいのが“赤信号みんなで渡れば怖くない”です。渋谷のスクランブル交差点で誰一人信号無視をしていないのに、自分一人が渡ったとしましょう。なんだか後ろめたさというか居心地の悪さを感じませんか？でも、多くの人が小走りに次々と渡る中で自分が一緒になって渡っても、『私だけじゃない、みんな渡ってるし』という意識が生まれませんか？

同じ信号無視でも一人と集団では違う心理が生まれているのがおわかりいただけたでしょうか。

○被暗示性

これは暗示にかかりやすさのことです。一人より集団の中にいるほうが被暗示性が高まり、暗示にかかりやすくなります。

その場の空気に呑まれ流されやすくなり、ハッキリと意思表示をする人や大きな声（身振り手振り）の人に、つい従いやすくなったり、共通意識を持ちやすくなってしまうのです。

良い例が、よく公民館あたりでおこなわれている「健康器具無料体験」などと謳い、参加すると心地良いマッサージチェアに座りながら手土産にラップやお掃除シート、ティッシュなどが配られ、「あー、得した！」と思っていると「ご参加いただいた皆さまだけに特別価格でご案内です、残り○点しかありません」と高額（に見える）な羽毛布団が出てきたりするわけです。

「特別価格」「残り○点」なんて言われると、それが必要ないものでも「え！」「お得！」となるのが大多数の人の心理、そこで数人のサクラが「私、買うわ！」なんて名乗りをあげらたらもう後は言わずもがなです。

まんまと定価５千円のフェザーケットを５万円の羽毛布団のように思い込まされ、訳がわからないうちにホイホイ契約書にサインしてしまうのです。

集団心理を身近に感じてみるために参加してみました、私（笑）

もちろん羽毛布団は要らないので買っていませんし、「こんなにお土産ももらっちゃったし」と心の呵責を感じないためにお土産も辞退です。そもそも友人でもない人が勝手にくれるものに何の呵責も感じないタイプではありますが（笑）。

混じってみたのはただの実験であり、ただの野次馬根性だけです。何人ものご老人が毒牙にかかっていらっしゃいました・・・。

多くの人が行き交う雑踏で誰かが倒れても「自分が１１９番（あるいは１１０番）しなくても、誰かがやってくれるだろう」と考える人が多いのが現実だと思います。でも、周りに誰もおらず自分一人しか居なければ、そのまま放ったらかしにしてはいかないのではないでしょうか。

個人が集まり集団になる。見て見ぬふりは組織でも至るところに存在しているように思います。

次回では群衆心理〜傍観者効果についてお話しします。

◇

＜運営会社：Jiyuuku Inc.＞

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